English grammar
Contents:-
Introduction
Unit 1 Nouns 1
Unit 2 Definite and Indefinite Articles 6
Unit 3 Adjectives 9
Unit 4 Personal Pronouns 12
Unit 5 Verbs 17
Unit 6 Auxiliary Verbs 44
Unit 7 Passive Voice 49
Unit 8 Subjunctive Mood 53
Unit 9 Adverbs 59
Unit 10 Contractions 62
Unit 11 Plurals 65
Unit 12 Punctuation 68
Unit 13 Infinitives and Gerunds 75
Unit 14 Relative Pronouns 77
Unit 15 Reflexive Pronouns 83
Unit 16 Possession 86
Unit 17 Possessive Pronouns 88
Unit 18 Prepositions 92
Unit 19 Capitalization 95
Unit 20 Comparative and Superlative Forms 99
Unit 21 Conjunctions 106
Unit 22 Interrogatives 110
v
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Unit 23 Negation 115
Unit 24 Numbers 120
Unit 25 Some Important Contrasts 125
Appendix: Common Irregular Verbs 133
Answer Key 135
vi Contents
Unit 1
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
2 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
9. Dr. Blanchard
10. our school
Rewrite each noun, capitalizing the proper nouns.
1. glass
2. rocky mountains
3. mexico
4. flowers
5. bus
6. the store
7. new york times
8. roberto
9. professor romano
10. my books
Nouns can be used as the subject of a sentence. The subject is the word that is performing the action in the sentence. The subject can be a proper noun or a common noun, and it can be singular or plural: Juanita is a friend of mine. The boys like to play soccer. Where is the school?
Nouns can also be used as direct objects. The direct object in a sentence is the noun that receives the action of the verb. To find the direct object in a sentence do three things: 1. Find the subject of the sentence. 2. Find the verb in the sentence. 3. Ask whom or what with the subject and the verb.
Look at these sample sentences: “Sara likes my brother.” “The girls find a book.” 1. subject Sara 1. subject girls 2. verb likes 2. verb find
exercise 1-2
3. ask whom Whom does 3. ask what What do the Sara like? girls find? The direct object is my brother The direct object is book. Nouns are sometimes indirect objects. They stand before the direct object in the sentence. It is the person to whom or for whom something is provided. To find the indirect object in a sentence do three things: 1. Find the subject of the sentence. 2. Find the verb in the sentence. 3. Ask to whom or for whom with the subject and the verb.
Look at these sample sentences: “Justin buys the girl a magazine.” “Mother gives Nate five dollars.”
1. subject Justin 1. subject Mother 2. verb buys 2. verb gives 3. ask to whom or for whom For 3. ask to whom or for whom To whom whom does Justin buy a magazine? does Mother give five dollars? The indirect object is girl. The indirect object is Nate.
Note: It is rare that something inanimate is used as an indirect object. When a noun is used as a predicate noun, it follows the predicate in the sentence. The predicate can be a single verb or a verb phrase: Verb as the predicate: Maria helps us. Verb phrase as the predicate: Maria usually helps with the gardening.
Predicate nouns most often follow the verbs to be and to become: My mother wants to be a doctor. Celine became an actress. Are you the manager of this building?
Look at the italicized word in each sentence. Decide how it is used, then write subject, direct object, indirect object, or predicate noun in the blank.
1. Claudia likes Bret.
2. The boys found some money.
3. The girls found some money.
4. My father is an engineer.
5. I sent my sister a telegram.
6. Tomas buys Serena three red roses.
exercise 1-3
Nouns 3
7. Is the woman at home now?
8. Mr. Jimenez became a pilot.
9. He needs a new car.
10. Carmen gives them the books.
Write a sentence using the noun given as a direct object. EXAMPLE: the boy Barbara sees the boy in the park.
1. my sister
2. a new car
3. Jackie
Write a sentence using the word given as an indirect object.
4. the children
5. a puppy
6. Grandfather
Using the phrase in parentheses, answer each question using that phrase as the direct or indirect object. EXAMPLE: (Yolanda) Whom does Gerry meet? Gerry meets Yolanda.
1. (the boys) Whom does the girl not trust?
exercise 1-5
exercise 1-4
4 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
2. (his wallet) What does Father often misplace?
3. (the landlord) To whom does she always give the rent money?
4. (her new computer) What does Anita want to sell soon?
5. (her grandchildren) For whom does she buy the toys?
6. (Ms. Johnson) Whom must you visit in New York?
7. (their new house) What do they like so much?
8. (little Johnny) To whom can she give the present?
9. (Dr. Lee) Whom does he need to see today?
10. (Michael) To whom does she throw the ball?
Nouns 5
Definite and Indefinite Articles
The English definite article is the. It is used to identify a particular person or thing. If you are speaking about someone or something you are already familiar with, you use the with the noun. Look at these examples: I already know the man. She met the women who won the lottery. This is the book that I told you about. The indefinite article is used to describe someone or something that is unfamiliar to you or about which you are speaking in general. There are two forms: a and an. Use a before a word beginning with a consonant. Use an before a word beginning with a vowel. Look at these examples: He sees a stranger on the corner. Did you buy an apple or an orange? Is the woman a good lawyer? She has an idea. Compare the difference between the definite and indefinite article by using these sentences: I want an apple. (I do not see an apple. But I feel hungry for one.) I want the apple. (I am choosing between the apple and the orange that I see before me.) The definite article for plural nouns is also the. But there is no indefinite article for plural nouns. The plural articles are used in the same way as the singular articles.
6
Unit 2
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
Singular Definite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Plural Indefinite the boy a boy the boys boys the house a house the houses houses the idea an idea the ideas ideas
Fill in the blank with either the definite or indefinite article, whichever makes the best sense.
1. Did you buy a Ford or Chevy?
2. Does he know man on the corner?
3. She has secret to tell you.
4. What time does train leave?
5. We need hot dogs and a bottle of Coke.
6. Did you see accident?
7. He met guests as they arrived.
8. teacher is angry with us.
9. I can’t find keys.
10. Is that _______ snake in that tree?
Rewrite each sentence, changing the singular nouns in each sentence to plural nouns. Make any changes to the articles and verbs that are necessary.
1. They gave us an orange.
2. I like the book very much.
3. Do you often visit the farm there?
exercise 2-2
exercise 2-1
Definite and Indefinite Articles 7
4. A rabbit is hiding behind it.
5. Katrina likes to play with the kitten.
Follow the same directions, but change the plural nouns to singular.
6. Montel has dogs and cats.
7. I want to buy the roses.
8. There are gifts for you.
9. Can you hear the babies crying?
10. Do you have brothers or sisters?
8 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
Introduction
Unit 1 Nouns 1
Unit 2 Definite and Indefinite Articles 6
Unit 3 Adjectives 9
Unit 4 Personal Pronouns 12
Unit 5 Verbs 17
Unit 6 Auxiliary Verbs 44
Unit 7 Passive Voice 49
Unit 8 Subjunctive Mood 53
Unit 9 Adverbs 59
Unit 10 Contractions 62
Unit 11 Plurals 65
Unit 12 Punctuation 68
Unit 13 Infinitives and Gerunds 75
Unit 14 Relative Pronouns 77
Unit 15 Reflexive Pronouns 83
Unit 16 Possession 86
Unit 17 Possessive Pronouns 88
Unit 18 Prepositions 92
Unit 19 Capitalization 95
Unit 20 Comparative and Superlative Forms 99
Unit 21 Conjunctions 106
Unit 22 Interrogatives 110
v
For more information about this title, click here
Unit 23 Negation 115
Unit 24 Numbers 120
Unit 25 Some Important Contrasts 125
Appendix: Common Irregular Verbs 133
Answer Key 135
vi Contents
Unit 1
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
2 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
9. Dr. Blanchard
10. our school
Rewrite each noun, capitalizing the proper nouns.
1. glass
2. rocky mountains
3. mexico
4. flowers
5. bus
6. the store
7. new york times
8. roberto
9. professor romano
10. my books
Nouns can be used as the subject of a sentence. The subject is the word that is performing the action in the sentence. The subject can be a proper noun or a common noun, and it can be singular or plural: Juanita is a friend of mine. The boys like to play soccer. Where is the school?
Nouns can also be used as direct objects. The direct object in a sentence is the noun that receives the action of the verb. To find the direct object in a sentence do three things: 1. Find the subject of the sentence. 2. Find the verb in the sentence. 3. Ask whom or what with the subject and the verb.
Look at these sample sentences: “Sara likes my brother.” “The girls find a book.” 1. subject Sara 1. subject girls 2. verb likes 2. verb find
exercise 1-2
3. ask whom Whom does 3. ask what What do the Sara like? girls find? The direct object is my brother The direct object is book. Nouns are sometimes indirect objects. They stand before the direct object in the sentence. It is the person to whom or for whom something is provided. To find the indirect object in a sentence do three things: 1. Find the subject of the sentence. 2. Find the verb in the sentence. 3. Ask to whom or for whom with the subject and the verb.
Look at these sample sentences: “Justin buys the girl a magazine.” “Mother gives Nate five dollars.”
1. subject Justin 1. subject Mother 2. verb buys 2. verb gives 3. ask to whom or for whom For 3. ask to whom or for whom To whom whom does Justin buy a magazine? does Mother give five dollars? The indirect object is girl. The indirect object is Nate.
Note: It is rare that something inanimate is used as an indirect object. When a noun is used as a predicate noun, it follows the predicate in the sentence. The predicate can be a single verb or a verb phrase: Verb as the predicate: Maria helps us. Verb phrase as the predicate: Maria usually helps with the gardening.
Predicate nouns most often follow the verbs to be and to become: My mother wants to be a doctor. Celine became an actress. Are you the manager of this building?
Look at the italicized word in each sentence. Decide how it is used, then write subject, direct object, indirect object, or predicate noun in the blank.
1. Claudia likes Bret.
2. The boys found some money.
3. The girls found some money.
4. My father is an engineer.
5. I sent my sister a telegram.
6. Tomas buys Serena three red roses.
exercise 1-3
Nouns 3
7. Is the woman at home now?
8. Mr. Jimenez became a pilot.
9. He needs a new car.
10. Carmen gives them the books.
Write a sentence using the noun given as a direct object. EXAMPLE: the boy Barbara sees the boy in the park.
1. my sister
2. a new car
3. Jackie
Write a sentence using the word given as an indirect object.
4. the children
5. a puppy
6. Grandfather
Using the phrase in parentheses, answer each question using that phrase as the direct or indirect object. EXAMPLE: (Yolanda) Whom does Gerry meet? Gerry meets Yolanda.
1. (the boys) Whom does the girl not trust?
exercise 1-5
exercise 1-4
4 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
2. (his wallet) What does Father often misplace?
3. (the landlord) To whom does she always give the rent money?
4. (her new computer) What does Anita want to sell soon?
5. (her grandchildren) For whom does she buy the toys?
6. (Ms. Johnson) Whom must you visit in New York?
7. (their new house) What do they like so much?
8. (little Johnny) To whom can she give the present?
9. (Dr. Lee) Whom does he need to see today?
10. (Michael) To whom does she throw the ball?
Nouns 5
Definite and Indefinite Articles
The English definite article is the. It is used to identify a particular person or thing. If you are speaking about someone or something you are already familiar with, you use the with the noun. Look at these examples: I already know the man. She met the women who won the lottery. This is the book that I told you about. The indefinite article is used to describe someone or something that is unfamiliar to you or about which you are speaking in general. There are two forms: a and an. Use a before a word beginning with a consonant. Use an before a word beginning with a vowel. Look at these examples: He sees a stranger on the corner. Did you buy an apple or an orange? Is the woman a good lawyer? She has an idea. Compare the difference between the definite and indefinite article by using these sentences: I want an apple. (I do not see an apple. But I feel hungry for one.) I want the apple. (I am choosing between the apple and the orange that I see before me.) The definite article for plural nouns is also the. But there is no indefinite article for plural nouns. The plural articles are used in the same way as the singular articles.
6
Unit 2
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
Singular Definite Singular Indefinite Plural Definite Plural Indefinite the boy a boy the boys boys the house a house the houses houses the idea an idea the ideas ideas
Fill in the blank with either the definite or indefinite article, whichever makes the best sense.
1. Did you buy a Ford or Chevy?
2. Does he know man on the corner?
3. She has secret to tell you.
4. What time does train leave?
5. We need hot dogs and a bottle of Coke.
6. Did you see accident?
7. He met guests as they arrived.
8. teacher is angry with us.
9. I can’t find keys.
10. Is that _______ snake in that tree?
Rewrite each sentence, changing the singular nouns in each sentence to plural nouns. Make any changes to the articles and verbs that are necessary.
1. They gave us an orange.
2. I like the book very much.
3. Do you often visit the farm there?
exercise 2-2
exercise 2-1
Definite and Indefinite Articles 7
4. A rabbit is hiding behind it.
5. Katrina likes to play with the kitten.
Follow the same directions, but change the plural nouns to singular.
6. Montel has dogs and cats.
7. I want to buy the roses.
8. There are gifts for you.
9. Can you hear the babies crying?
10. Do you have brothers or sisters?
8 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
Unit 3
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
Just like nouns, adjectives can follow the predicate. They most often come after forms of the verbs to be and to become: My sister was very sad. The horse suddenly became thirsty. My grandfather is old.
Look at the example sentences. Change each sentence so that the adjective follows the predicate. EXAMPLE: The white house is on the hill. The house on the hill is white.
1. The sad song was from Mexico.
2. The funny story is about a clown.
3. The careless waiter is out of work.
4. The ugly snake is from Egypt.
5. The beautiful woman is from Spain.
Fill in the blank with any adjective that makes sense. You may choose from the list given at the beginning of the unit.
1. David wrote a poem for her.
2. Do you like the cake?
3. I cannot find an book.
4. Where does the lawyer live?
5. Marisa needs a job.
6. The man found a wallet.
exercise 3-3
exercise 3-2
10 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
7. Kareem is a friend of mine.
8. There is a test tomorrow.
9. When can you come to our farm?
10. That is a question.
Unit 4
Personal Pronouns
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. The English personal pronouns are: Singular Plural First Person I we Second Person you you Third Person he, she, it they Notice that you is both singular and plural. When speaking to one person, say you. When speaking to two or more persons, say you: Tim, you are a very good student. Bruno and Rene, you have to study more.
Just as nouns have gender, pronouns also do. I, we, and you can be used by males or females. He is always masculine, she is always feminine, and it is always neuter. The plural of the third-person pronouns is always they, whether masculine, feminine, or neuter. And just like nouns, pronouns can be used as: 1. the subject of a sentence 2. a direct object 3. an indirect object
But when used as a direct object or indirect object, some of the pronouns change: Subject Direct Object Indirect Object I me me you you you he him him she her her it it it we us us you (plural) you you they them them
12
If a pronoun replaces a noun in the sentence, it must have the same characteristics as the noun: the same number (singular or plural), the same gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter), and the same use in the sentence (subject, direct object, or indirect object). Look at these examples where the pronoun replaces the italicized noun: Joseph is a hard worker. He is a hard worker. (singular masculine noun/subject) (singular masculine pronoun/subject) Do you know the girls? Do you know them? (plural noun/direct object) (plural pronoun/direct object) We gave Mrs. Jones some flowers. We gave her some flowers. (singular feminine noun/ (singular feminine pronoun/ indirect object) indirect object)
Notice that the nouns and pronouns are in the third person. This is true when a pronoun replaces a noun. But when a noun or pronoun is combined with the first-person singular pronoun I, it is replaced by the first-person plural pronoun we: You and I have work to do. We have work to do. He helps the girls and me. He helps us.
Look at the pronoun given in parentheses. Fill in the blank in the sentence with its correct form.
1. (you) How are today?
2. (he) Caleb gave a gift.
3. (she) lives on Main Street.
4. (it) I really don’t like .
5. (I) She met in the city.
6. (Kris and I) Please give the magazines.
7. (you and I) worked in the garden.
8. (they) Are your friends?
9. (we) The puppy followed home.
10. (they) My brother saw in New York.
11. (you) Mikhail wants to visit today.
12. (I) When can move into the apartment?
13. (it) Derrick bought in Mexico.
exercise 4-1
Personal Pronouns 13
14. (you and I) The children are helping .
15. (she) I like a lot.
Change the italicized noun in each sentence to the corresponding pronoun.
1. The students came to class late.
2. I found the money in the closet.
3. Her brother sent Jennifer and me a postcard.
4. Do your parents live in Florida?
5. My landlady is very nice.
6. Do you know my landlady?
7. Boys can get so dirty.
8. Did you lose your wallet?
9. Juan visits his uncle often.
10. May I borrow your watch?
Change the italicized pronoun in each sentence to any appropriate noun.
1. We often speak English.
2. Do you like it?
3. Where did you find them?
4. She is from Puerto Rico.
5. Patricia never met him before.
6. Is he sick today?
7. We sent them a box of candy.
8. It costs twenty dollars.
exercise 4-3
exercise 4-2
14 Practice Makes Perfect: English Grammar for ESL Learners
9. The boys watched her.
10. Do they understand us?
When you change a direct object noun to a direct object pronoun, you must add to or for before the indirect object noun or pronoun. The indirect object becomes the object of the preposition to or for. Place the prepositional phrase after the direct object. For example: I gave Jay a book. I gave it to Jay. We buy her flowers. We buy them for her.
Rewrite each sentence, changing the italicized direct object to a pronoun. Add to or for appropriately.
1. I sent my friends a letter.
2. She is giving us two cakes.
3. Trey sold her his car.
4. I didn’t buy Ella the scarf.
5. My brother will bring me my gloves.
Nouns or pronouns can be used to complete a prepositional phrase. That is a phrase made up of a preposition and a noun or a pronoun. Here are some of the most commonly used prepositions: after, behind, between, for, from, in, near, on, of, through, to, with, without
Look at these sample prepositional phrases: after the concert behind me between the girls for you from a friend in him near the city on it of a book through her to a student with us without the money without them In a prepositional phrase, use the same form of the pronoun that is used as a direct or indirect object:
exercise 4-4
Personal Pronouns 15
Subject Pronoun Direct or Indirect Object Prepositional Phrase I me after me you you behind you he him for him she her from her it it in it we us between us they them near them
Complete the sentences changing the subject pronoun in parentheses to an object pronoun.
1. (I) They have a gift for .
2. (you) I sent some flowers to .
3. (he) Karen often comes home without .
4. (she) I like dancing with .
5. (it) We found something in .
6. (we) Teresa sits near .
7. (they) This is a letter from .
8. (Dwayne and I) He is speaking of .
9. (you and I) Someone is standing behind .
10. (he) You can come in after .
Change the italicized noun to a pronoun.
1. We are driving through the tunnel.
2. A wolf was standing between the boys.
3. Do you want to ride in my car?
4. The guests have something for Julia.
5. I like singing with Mr. Garcia.
6. Maria is sitting near Ali and me.
7. I get postcards from the tourists.
exercise 4-6
exercise 4-5
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